RELIGION ANALYSIS OF ISLAM

 

INTRODUCTION

The religion of Islam is an obsessive and dominating religion. In recent years this philosophy of life has been examined more closely. This analysis will present a summary of Islam, flaws, and witnessing tips for reaching Muslims. The view that this religion leads to oppression and discrimination will be examined.

SUMMARY OF ISLAM

Islam was birthed from a man named Muhammed in the 6^th Century AD.[1] Later in Muhammed’s life he had a vision where he believed that the angel Gabriel visited him. In this vision, Gabriel revealed that the world had forsaken true worship and that he was chosen by God to be a prophet to bring God’s message to the world. “This message was relatively straightforward in its content: 1) all religions on the earth were now corrupt; 2) he was to proclaim the worship of the one true God, named Allah; 3) he was to receive the true words of Allah, record them, and bring people back to the ‘straight path.’”[2] Islam teaches that the Jews were given the truth of Allah, but strayed away and that Christians corrupted it. There is a system of Islam that every convert must practice. This is referred to as The Five Pillars of Islam. The first pillar states that the convert must recite “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his final prophet.” This dogma is referred to as the kalima. The second pillar is prayers that are performed five times a day towards Mecca. These prayers are conducted in a precise fashion. The third pillar is the alms or tithe that must be given for the cause of Islam. This tithe equals one-fortieth of a Muslim’s income. The fourth pillar consists of continual fasting. This

especially pertains to the month of Ramadan, which is the month of fasting and devotion to Allah. The fifth pillar is a journey to Mecca during the life of a Muslim.[3] There are many aspects of Islam that can be discussed, but The Five Pillars summarizes the general day to day lifestyle of a devout Muslim.

FLAWS IN ISLAM

There are many flaws in the belief system of Islam that are counterintuitive to Christianity. One is that the redemptive nature in Islam is quite different than that of Christianity. Islam, according to Muhsin Akbas, gains redemption through suffering and works. Akabas also states that Islam does not have a formulated plan of redemption compared to the incarnation and original sin that is presented in Christianity’s formulation of salvation and redemption. With this said, Akabas admits that there is no unambiguous redemption that is defined formally in Islam.[4]

Second is the oppressive nature of Islam. The Quran teaches in Surah 2:191to kill unbelievers or infidels.[5] This passage is one of many that have an oppressive nature against those who do not believe in Islam. In contrast, Christianity teaches to reach out to the unbeliever in love. Islam also has hatred towards Jews and Christians. An example of this hatred of Jews and Christians can be found in Surah 9:30.[6] The totality of the method of bringing in converts is through fear. The Quran teaches to kill the unbeliever if he or she does not convert to Islam. The conclusion of this idea leads to what is now known as terrorism. Killing unbelievers in the name of Allah is what ultimately must take place in the life of a devout Muslim in order to be consistent with the Quran.

WITNESSING TIPS FOR REACHING MUSLIMS

There are many ways that a Christian can witness to a Muslim. One of the most important things is to understand the distorted similarities in Islam to Christianity. Charles E. Farhadian points out that Muslims and Christians believe that Jesus or Isa walked this earth and performed great miracles. Both are taught that Jesus was sent to be crucified, but Islam teaches that someone else took his place at the cross.[7] The Christian must point out the fact that it is impossible for someone to take the place of Jesus at the cross. Jesus was seen by men and women all throughout the land of Israel. If another man was crucified in Jesus’ stead, many people would have known and would have revealed this deceit.

Emphatically, the most important concept for the Christian to reveal when witnessing to a Muslim is the unconditional love of God. This is a concept that Muslims do not understand. Allah is taught as a temperamental god who does not save because of love for his believers. The thoughts of John 3:16[8] are foreign to the Muslim. Followers of Islam cannot grasp God loving them so much that He died for them. The fundamental tool in witnessing to a Muslim is loving them, as Christ loves them. If the believer lives a Christ-centered life, the Muslim will see this and wonder what makes the Christian so different from their belief systems.

CONCLUSION

The logical conclusion of the belief system of Islam is oppression. Even though Islam is an oppressive religion, the Christian must love them with a Christ-centered love because Christ also died for them. It is easy to run and hide from reaching out to a hostile religious people group, but if the believer will not, than who will? If the Christian truly strives to love the unbeliever, then that love will manifest itself to all unbelievers, whether generous or hostile. What must be studied further to understand Islam more efficiently is the Quran. The references used in any religion must be the first thing that is studied to reach a certain people group. This is important in apologetics and in being a more effective witness.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Akbas, Muhsin. “Redemptive Suffering In Islamic Thought: A Critical Approach.” Deüifd XXXI (2010): 194.

Caner, Ergun. “Islam.” In The Popular Encyclopedia of Apologetics, eds. Ed Hindson and Eurgan Caner, 401-402. Eugene: Harvest House Publishers, 2008.

Farhadian, Charles E. Farhadian. “The Mission and Death of Jesus in Islam and Christianity.” Religious Studies Review 36:1 (2010): 67-68.

---

[1] Ergun Caner, “Islam,” In The Popular Encyclopedia of Apologetics, eds. Ed Hindson and Eurgan Caner (Eugene: Harvest House Publishers, 2008), 277.

[2] Ibid., 278.

[3] Ibid., 279.

[4] Muhsin Akbas, “Redemptive Suffering In Islamic Thought: A Critical Approach,” Deüifd XXXI (2010) 194.

[5]Surah 2:191, And slay them wherever ye find them, and drive them out of the places whence they drove you out, for persecution is worse than slaughter. And fight not with them at the Inviolable Place of Worship until they first attack you there, but if they attack you (there) then slay them. Such is the reward of disbelievers.

[6] Surah 9:30 And the Jews say: Ezra is the son of Allah, and the Christians say: The Messiah is the son of Allah. That is their saying with their mouths. They imitate the saying of those who disbelieved of old. Allah (Himself) fighteth against them. How perverse are they!

[7] Charles E. Farhadian, “The Mission and Death of Jesus in Islam and Christianity,” Religious Studies Review 36:1 (2010): 67-68.

[8] John 3:16, For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him should not perish but have everlasting life (NKJV).

THE EVENTS OF THE TRIBULATION

INTRODUCTION

The Tribulation is something that the world has tried to predict and plan for thousands of years.  People look for signs and read into things that are not signs at all.  With all of the world’s technology our world is certainly ready for the Tribulation.  Author D. Katterjohn states that “The tribulation is that period in which the conflict between Christ and evil will reach a peak in the pitched battle between the Church and will appear to be headed toward inevitable extinction.  Jesus described the period as trouble ‘such as was not since the beginning of the world’ (Matt. 24:21), but added that it would be cut short by His return for the sake of the elect, His people, the Church.”[1]  Some things to be looking for are the crash in business and economic systems and institutions, along with the weakening of nations, and the collapse of the moral and spiritual backbone within a boastful and prideful civilization.  Another thing to be looking for is havoc and devastating calamity and a generation that squanders; intoxicated by the trash of materialism, lawlessness, unbelief and decadence.[2]  Does this sound familiar?

The Purpose of the Tribulation

            Many have wondered and asked what is the purpose of the Tribulation and why do people have to suffer before God makes the new heaven and new earth.  One purpose is to bring vengeance on the world to punish sin.  The Psalmist states God’s retribution perfectly, “Then he rebukes them in his anger and terrifies them in his wrath, saying, I have installed my Kind on Zion, my holy hill (2:6).”  In John’s apocalyptic book it states, “since you have kept my command to endure patiently,’ he says to the church, ‘I will keep you also from the hour of trial that is going to come upon the whole world to test those who live on the earth 3:10.’”[3]  Another purpose of the Tribulation is to refine the nation of Israel in order to prepare the nation for the Messiah.  Pay close attention to Moses in Deuteronomy 4:30-31, “When you are in distress and all these things have happened to you, then in later days you will return to the Lord your God and obey him.  For the Lord your God is a merciful God; he will not abandon or destroy you or forget the covenant with you forefathers, which he confirmed to them by oath.”  Many have stated that God has abandoned Israel and His focus is only on the church.  This defiantly is false and brings out the ignorance in people. God will not break the covenant that he made to Israel even in the Tribulation. Zechariah 13:8-9 states: “In the whole land, declares the Lord, two-thirds of it will be struck down and perish; yet one-third will be left in it.  Listen to his words.  This third I will bring into the fire; I will refine them like silver and test them like gold.  They will call on my name and I will answer them; I will say, They are my people, and they will say, the Lord is our God.”  God will use this time to shape and mold His people.  Israel as a whole is a lost nation and God will not rest until His people are restored to Him.

Signs before the Tribulation

            Like any prophecy in the Bible there will be certain signs and events that have to take place before the tribulation.  There will be introductory events before the tribulation begins, as there are indications of springtime before it has arrived.   What Jesus clearly states in Matthew 24:38-39 gives scholars the ability to state that there will be certain signs and conditions that will appear first.[4]  In Luke 21:9 Jesus tells the reader to watch out for wars and commotions, but then He said not to be worried because the tribulation must come and the end is not immediate.  What a God!  He gives us signs and tells us not to worry because we, the church, will be gone.

The irony is that the same situation of the “end of days” can also be said before the Flood.  In Genesis 6:11 it states, “The earth also was corrupt before God, and the earth was filled with violence”.  The evilness of man was great in the world. Man-kind corrupted marriage and glutted themselves with eating, drinking, and sex until they were morally hopeless.  They rejected the message of righteousness that Noah gave and did not believe his warning about “things not seen as yet”.  Ungovernable, sadistic, and determinedly wicked, they sank to the depths of apostasy and unbelief.  God gave up and in His anger and wrath He had given them up to their doom.  All that God cannot redeem He will destroy.

Jesus, while describing the petrifying pretribulation events, talked about wars and commotions with nation against nation.  Since the beginning of time there have been wars and commotions, but the events that proceed “the day of the Lord” will be worse.  The prophecies talked about in God’s word stresses the fact that the end-time world situation will be the most deadly of all.  The wars, conflicts, and nation against nation all occurring together will be a terrifying situation.  Satan will panic the world into accepting his peace and prosperity design and the hysterical world will take it without question. [5]

The Antichrist

            The Tribulation will not be the Tribulation without the Antichrist, the beast from the sea.  When Antichrist comes to the scene after the Rapture he will not extend his reign over all the earth immediately.  He will overpower the world through false peace, flatteries, and futile promises, increasing in influence and power until he brings the entire world under his control. He will control everything religiously, politically, and commercially.  As the devil in flesh he will be the most powerful influencer the world has ever known, aside from the Lord Jesus Christ.  He will solve the social problems of the world.   The Antichrist will bring about world peace for the whole world.[6]  The Beast form the Sea is the greatest deceiver the world will ever witness.

            No one knows how long the Antichrist will be here on the earth before the “day” begins.  He could be waiting while setting up his trap.  Daniel exposed that the Antichrist will have a very small beginning with a gradual rise to world power.  In Daniel 11:23 it states, “He shall come up, and shall become strong with a small people”.  Working with the enemies of an unexplained power, he will cast a hypnotic spell over the world and they will be in awe by his power.  The evidence for this can be found in Revelation 13:4, which states: ^“So they worshiped the dragon who gave authority to the beast; and they worshiped the beast, saying, ‘Who is like the beast? Who is able to make war with him?’”.  The Antichrist will bring the world to peace because no nation, not even with nuclear weapons, will stop him from doing anything he pleases.  No genius of military tactics in history has been or can be his equal. [7]

In I Thessalonians 5:1-3, Paul stated that there are “times and seasons” for the events in the “end”.  The word “times” refers to the extent of periods and “seasons” refers to shorter periods.  Seasons are parts of times.  In our time and season Satan has the opportunity to prepare the nations for the Antichrist.  He could come out of any country anytime.  The world stage must first be set for his appearance.   

Promises of Peace

           Satan will use the most tempting bribe that he can unleash and that is peace and prosperity and the whole world will be desperate for it.  From all the signs preceding the tribulation, Paul put the stress on two certain signs, peace and safety.  It may be because these are the two most important.  Some experts think that most of the world’s problems are largely related to these two things.[8]   The Antichrist will use his peace-prosperity lure to a troubled world.  He be esteemed to be a world sensation and his supernatural solutions to the world’s problems will be something that the world has never seen.

The Rapture

            In order to have a full understanding of the Tribulation you have to have knowledge about the Rapture.  In I Thessalonians 4:16-17 it states, “For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God: and the dead in Christ shall rise first: Then we (believers) which are alive and remain shall be caught up together with them in the clouds, to meet the Lord in the air”.  As stated in these two verses only the saved will be raptured.  The believers that are still alive on earth will be translated without dying, and those believers that are dead will be raised and taken into His presence with their resurrection bodies.  Jesus will not come to the earth at the Rapture.  The only thing that takes place is the church meeting Him in the air. [9]  Some wonder the time-frame of the rapture.  Taking all of scripture as a whole it tends to lead to a pretribulational rapture.  One clear clue is the wrath of God through the “bowls” that are used in end times.  Throughout the Bible, God only pours His wrath towards unbelievers.  Throughout the Great Tribulation, which is the last 3½ years, Gods ultimately pours His entire wrath on the earth.  If the bowls are the wrath of God, then all believers must have been raptured before that time.  This gives us the conclusion that either the pretribulational rapture has a scriptural foundation, or that the bowls occur after the return of Christ.  A better understanding is that the bowls represent the wrath of God, but only that aspect of the wrath that is poured our on people who are living on the earth, which are those who have the mark of the beast during the reign of the Antichrist.  This is a temporary wrath, and it will not fall on believers of that period because they will be protected from that wrath.  The final wrath of God, which all believers are guaranteed exemption, will be poured out by God through His victorious Son at His return and we are not selected participate in that wrath (II Thess. 1:7-8, I Thess. 5:9).[10]

God’s Wrath

            The trumpet and bowl judgments have many qualities that make them similar.  A scholar by the name of Merrill Tenney stated, “The seven bowls are a closely knit series following each other in rapid succession. They parallel the trumpets in their spheres of action, but they are more intense.” [11]  The differences are the two accounts of wormwood, locusts, kings of the east, and Armageddon.  While there are some differences, no one can turn away from their similarities.  The “bowls” and “trumpets” both describe a series of events that conclude from cataclysmic wars that result in destruction of vegetation, polluted sea waters, fresh water pollution, air pollution, demonic plagues, armies that consist of millions, and the final victory of God.

Seal Judgments

            The seal judgments occur when Jesus breaks the seven seals.  These seven seals involve people killing one another.  They also involve environmental forces such as earthquakes and celestial forces such as the sun, moon, stars, and heavens.  The judgments result from angelic declarations and include celestial and environmental forces, such as locusts form the bottomless pit, and human armies and modern weapons.[12]  The bowl judgments almost seem like exact replicas of the seals.  The Seven Seals are: White horse, which stands for conquest; Red horse, which stands for war; Black horse, which stands for devastation; Pale horse, which stands for death and hell; Faithful martyrs, which stands for the slain for Christ; Great earthquake, which is when the planet is shook, Seven trumpets, which stands for when the world is on fire. [13]  These seals, when opened, unleashes God’s wrath on this earth.

First Bowl

            The first bowl is poured on the earth and causes the ones who follow the beast and have his mark to be inflicted with sores.  In the Greek the word “sore” is helkos, which literary means “ulcer” or “wound”.  The sores that are described in the first bowl evokes the sixth Egyptian plague, which is found in Exodus 9:9-11.  In this plague Pharaoh’s magicians were afflicted with sores.  Many scholars have pondered what could be the source of the sores.  Looking at the world at the present the only conclusion you can come with is that the sores will possibly be caused by nuclear radiation poisoning.  This is not far fetch because we now, more than ever, have the technology for the Tribulation to occur.  The biggest Tragedy throughout all of this is that the people blasphemed even more because of their sores and did not repent.[14]      

Second Bowl

            In the second bowl the sea was turned into blood and this does not involve the saints or the ones that are believers.[15]  The second bowl, like the first, is a replica of a plague that was used on the Egyptians because of Pharaoh’s refusal to listen to God.  Because the ocean became “blood” everything in the ocean dies.  Earlier in the trumpet judgments only one-third of the sea became blood.  Now in here in the second bowl, the ocean is totally polluted.  Because of this all the fish and plant life will die.  Imagine how much of a stench all the ocean life would give off.  The extinction of algae and plankton would be live threatening. [1]4  

Third Bowl

            The third bowl will be intended for those who basically killed and murdered believers in Jesus Christ.  This can be found in Revelation 16:6.14  This bowl is the turning of “blood” of rivers and lakes.  Because of this all of mankind will be in danger of fatality.  This bowl would be astounding because of its life-threatening impact.  Practically no one could survive.  The third bowel is quit similar in nature to the third trumpet, but much more intense.  Instead of a portion of the water on the earth being polluted, it is all polluted!  Practically no one could survive.

Fourth Bowl

            In Revelation 16:9 it talks about how the fourth bowl was poured out on the sun directly and the sun scorched the inhabitants of the earth.  Even after all of this the people still did not repent and give Him glory.  This bowl is centered on the ones that in response “blasphemed the name of God” and did not repent. [16]  The sun was previously blocked by air pollution, but now the dangerous rays of the sun are scorching men with similar effects of heat and fire.  This is evidence that the damaging ways of the Great Tribulation took toll on the atmosphere of the earth. When the ozone layer is destroyed it would result in basically burning everything on the earth.  The earth, because of the power of the sun without an ozone layer, would burn the planet into nothing but a desert. [17]   

Fifth Bowl

The fifth bowl is that of utter darkness entwined with pain.  In Revelation 16:11 it states that even after all that goes on during this bowl that the people that are still are on the earth still do not repent and instead they blaspheme God, yet again.  This sounds very similar to the fourth bowl.  God gives them a chance to repent and they do not.  In this bowl the parallels with the trumpets are terminated.  In this certain judgment it results in excruciating pain throughout the kingdom of the beast.  If a person holds to the belief that the Antichrist is from Rome or form Europe in general, than you must hold to the notion that Europe will be hit the hardest during this bowl.  Dr. Hindson gives an excellent view point when looking at present technology.  He has stated that this sounds a lot like nuclear warfare.  The aftermath of a nuclear war resembles this bowl.  No one will clearly know until the tribulation, but nuclear war sounds very promising.[18] 

Sixth Bowl

            The sixth bowl consists of the kings in the east and the armies, which will gather to Armageddon.  Every bowl before the seventh involved the direct outburst of God’s wrath.  Just as the sixth trumpet puts the readers attention to the armies of men so does the sixth bowl.  In ancient times it was common to refer to the Parthians and other barbarians as the kings of the east.  These barbarians lived east of the Euphrates and past the borders of the Roman Empire.  There is nothing directly in Revelation that identifies the identity of these kings.  Many people have assumed that this represents China, Japan, or Korea, but in reality it is all speculation.  It has been speculated by some scholars that these kings may be referring to the Muslim nations of the east, which are all avid worshipers of Islam.  Dr. Hindson has observed, “We cannot underestimate the vast Islamic world, which hates Israel and wishes her annihilated.  These nations may well be the great enemy who comes in one last jihad against Jerusalem for the north, south, and east; whereas, the Antichrist appears to head up the secular powers of the west.“[19]  No one for sure knows the true identity of these kings, but it easy to take in consideration the Middle East because of the terrorist destructions they have produced. 

Seventh Bowl

            The seventh bowl that will be poured out will engulf the “Babylon” of the last days. The recipients will again respond with blasphemy.  It should be evident that the bowls of divine wrath will concern the wicked alone. [20]  This passage seems to indicate that there is going to be a huge earthquake, which will be considered the worst in the world’s history because it will rock the entire earth.  The world’s cities and nations will fall, and mountains will collapse.  During all of this there will be great hailstorms and the ones that survive still will blaspheme God even more. [21]

Armageddon

            Armageddon is a battle of all battles.  In Revelation 16:14-16, it states that there will be “spirits of demons” performing signs in order to gather the leaders of this earth for the final battle at Armageddon.  As this passage tells us, the final conflict in the history of mankind will take place at Armageddon, which is in the Valley of Jezreel.  This will be a time when the earth’s kings will convene for the battle on the “great day of God”.  The name Armageddon, or Har-Magedon, is taken from the plain of Megiddo near Mount Carmel.  The ruins of the city Megiddo, still is standing as the strategic evidence of the significance of this area.[22]  The desolation of Armageddon is something that will be too much for the human mind to comprehend.  As Dr. Hindson has observed:

The devastation of Armageddon will be so extensive that it will probably be best viewed as a war that destroys most of the earth, as well as a final battle focused in the Middle East.  This also best explains the development of catastrophic events in Revelation 15-19.  The carnage will be so great that most of the earth’s population will be annihilated.  The plant life all over the planet will be nearly destroyed.  The air and water will be severely polluted.  “Babylon” will be burned up.  The armies of the Antichrist will be wiped out, and the beast and the False Prophet will be thrown into the lake of fire (Rev. 19:20).22 Ibid.167 

This will most defiantly be the battle to end all battles.  Christ will reign supreme over all the earth and Satan will finally be defeated and cast into the lake of fire.

CONCLUSION

     The tribulation as whole is very complicated, but also can be very simple.  The bible scholar and expert may think they know what is exactly going to happen during the Tribulation, but in reality no one knows.  People look for signs and read into things that are not signs at all.  With all of the world’s technology our world is certainly ready for the Tribulation.  Jesus can return at any moment.  The cards are already being played, it is only a matter of when.  It could be today or it could be a hundred years from now.  No one knows and that it why, we as Christians, should always be ready.

Bibliography

Dallas Theological Seminary Faculty. The Road to Armagddon. Nashville, TN: Word Publishing, 1999.

Dunham, T. Richard. The Great Tribulaiton. Findlay, Ohio: Fundamental Truth Publishers, 1933.

Duty, Guy. Escape From The Coming Tribulation. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Bethany Fellowship, 1975.

Gundry, Robert H. The Church and the Tribulation. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House, 1977.

Hindson, Edward. Revelation: Unlocking The Future. Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2002.

Katterjohn, Author D.,Fackler, Mark. The Tribulation People. Whitby, Ontario: Creation House, 1976.

Tenney, Merrill. Interpreting Revelation. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1957.

---

[1]Author D. Katterjohn and Mark Fackler , The Tribulation People (Whitby, Ontario: Creation House, 1976), 99.

[2] Richard T. Dunham, The Great Tribulation (Findly, Ohio: Fundamental Truth Publishers, 1999), 9

[3] Dallas Theological Seminary Faculty, The Road to Armagddon (Nashville, TN: Word Publishing, 1999), 69-70

[4] Guy Duty, Escape From The Coming Tribulation (Minneapolis, Minnesota: Bethany Fellowship, 1975), 20

[5] Guy Duty, Escape From The Coming Tribulation (Minneapolis, Minnesota: Bethany Fellowship, 1975), 20

[6] Guy Duty, Escape From The Coming Tribulation (Minneapolis, Minnesota: Bethany Fellowship, 1975), 44-47

[7] Guy Duty, Escape From The Coming Tribulation (Minneapolis, Minnesota: Bethany Fellowship, 1975), 24-25

[8] Guy Duty, Escape From The Coming Tribulation (Minneapolis, Minnesota: Bethany Fellowship, 1975), 24

[9] T. Dunham, The Great Tribulation (Findly, Ohio: Fundamental Truth Publishers, 1999), 12

[10]Author D. Katterjohn and Mark Fackler , The Tribulation People (Whitby, Ontario: Creation House, 1976), 92.

[11] Merrill Tenney, Interpreting Rrevelation (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1957), 80.

[12] Author D. Katterjohn and Mark Fackler, The Tribulation People (Whitby, Ontario: Creation House, 1976), 92.

[13] Edward Hindson, Revelation: Unlocking The Future (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2002), 78

[14] Edward Hindson, Revelation: Unlocking The Future (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2002), 169

[15] Robert H. Gundry, The Church and the Tribulation (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House, 1977), 47

[16] Robert H. Gundry, The Church and the Tribulation (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House, 1977), 47

[17] Edward Hindson, Revelation: Unlocking The Future (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2002), 169

[18] Edward Hindson, Revelation: Unlocking The Future (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2002), 170

[19] Edward Hindson, Revelation: Unlocking The Future (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2002), 170

[20] Robert H. Gundry, The Church and the Tribulation (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House, 1977), 47

[21] Edward Hindson, Revelation: Unlocking The Future (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2002), 171

[22] Edward Hindson, Revelation: Unlocking The Future (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2002), 165

STUDY OF JAMES THE BROTHER OF JESUS

Background and Family of James

A.    Introduction

a.       The first step at having a deep knowledge is to know James background and family.  It is important to know the different influences of Judaism on James.  James conversion will also be assessed. 

B.     Family

a.       Jesus, James, Joses, Judas, and Simon, and sisters

                                                              i.      Mark 6:3— “Is not this the carpenter, the son of Mary, and brother of James and Joses and Judas and Simon? Are not His sisters here with us?” And they took offense at Him. (NASB)[1]

                                                            ii.      Matthew 13:55-56— Is not this the carpenter’s son? Is not His mother called Mary, and His brothers, James and Joseph and Simon and Judas? “And His sisters, are they not all with us? Where then did this man get all these things?”[2] (NASB)

b.      Jewish boys started school at six. 

                                                              i.      We can be sure that the spiritual education of James began before that in the home in which he was reared. 

                                                            ii.      At school, religion was the primary subject.[3]

                                                          iii.      Concentration was paid to languages

1.      Hebrew,

2.      Aramaic

3.      Greek

4.      Latin[4]

C.     Growing Hostility

a.       Non-Belief     

                                                              i.      John 7:2-5— Now the feast of the Jews, the Feast of Booths, was near. Therefore His brothers said to Him, “Leave here and go into Judea, so that Your disciples also may see Your works which You are doing. “For no one does anything in secret when he himself seeks to be known publicly. If You do these things, show Yourself to the world.” For not even His brothers were believing in Him.[5]  (NASB)

                                                            ii.      Matthew 6:1-6— Jesus went out from there and came^* into His hometown; and His disciples followed^* Him. When the Sabbath came, He began to teach in the synagogue; and the many listeners were astonished, saying, “Where did this man get these things, and what is this wisdom given to Him, and such miracles as these performed by His hands? “Is not this the carpenter, the son of Mary, and brother of James and Joses and Judas and Simon? Are not His sisters here with us?” And they took offense at Him.⁴Jesus said to them, “A prophet is not without honor except in his hometown and among his own relatives and in his own household.” And He could do no miracle there except that He laid His hands on a few sick people and healed them. ⁶And He wondered at their unbelief. (NASB)

D.    James Conversion

a.       All of this rejection was changed after the Resurrection when Jesus appeared to James.

                                                              i.      1 Corinthians 15:7—then He appeared to James, then to all the apostles (NASB)

1.      James was instantaneously transformed from an unbeliever to a devoted believer. 

b.      James’ family converted after his conversion

                                                              i.      Acts 1:13-14— When they had entered the city, they went up to the upper room where they were staying; that is, Peter and John and James and Andrew, Philip and Thomas, Bartholomew and Matthew, James the son of Alphaeus, and Simon the Zealot, and Judas the son of James. These all with one mind were continually devoting themselves to prayer, along with the women, and Mary the mother of Jesus, and with His brothers. (NASB)

1.      This may imply that James reached out to his family after his conversion.

E.     Conclusion

a.      Reaching Our Family For Christ

                                                              i.      Are you truly reaching your unbelieving family?

                                                            ii.      Are you reaching others for Christ?

                                                          iii.      James had miraculous conversion and acted.

1.      Are you acting on your conversion?

2.      There is no such thing as a pew warming Christian

a.      Study God’s Word

                                                                                                                                      i.      2 Timothy 2:15— Study to show thyself approved unto God, a workman that needeth not to be ashamed, rightly dividing the word of truth. (KJV)

b.      Reaching your family and others for Christ is a command

                                                                                                                                      i.      Matthew 28:19-20— “Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, ²⁰teaching them to observe all that I commanded you; and lo, I am with you always, even to the end of the age.” (NASB)

BACKGROUND AND FAMILY OF JAMES

The first step at having a deep knowledge is to know James background and family.  It is important to know the different influences of Judaism on James.  James’ conversion will also be assessed.  The background of James defines his character.  Observing this illuminates the true character of James.

Family

The family of James is not incorporated in Scripture in much detail.  Between the book of Mark and Matthew it is clearly stated that James’ immediate family consisted of Joseph, Mary, Jesus, Joses, Judas, Simon, and some sisters.  In Mark 6:3 it states: “’Is not this the carpenter, the son of Mary, and brother of James and Joses and Judas and Simon? Are not His sisters here with us?’ And they took offense at Him (NASB).’”[6] Matthew 13:55-56 states: “Is not this the carpenter’s son? Is not His mother called Mary, and His brothers, James and Joseph and Simon and Judas? And His sisters, are they not all with us? Where then did this man get all these things (NASB)?”[7]

The amount of sisters that he has was never stated in Scripture.  James’ education, like every Jewish family, began in the home.  Religion was the prime subject.[8]  When putting together the primary functions of most Jewish homes it is probable that James was taught Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, and some Latin. [9]  The Epistle of James was written in Greek with a modicum of Hebraisms. 

Growing Hostility

            There is an underlying hostility that seemed to grow of James and the over brothers of the Lord.  Roughly six months before Jesus’ death James and his brothers sneered at Jesus and offered Him some advice, which He discarded.  In John 7:2-5 it states: “Now the feast of the Jews, the Feast of Booths, was near. Therefore His brothers said to Him, ‘Leave here and go into Judea, so that Your disciples also may see Your works which You are doing. For no one does anything in secret when he himself seeks to be known publicly. If You do these things, show Yourself to the world.’ For not even His brothers were believing in Him (NASB).”[10]  In verse five it states that “neither did his brethren believe in him.”  There is the possibility that James was the instigator in this conjugal calamity.  It is astonishing that at Jesus’ death that he committed the care of His mother to John and not to James.

James Conversion

The rejection of Jesus Christ changed after the resurrection.  The Christ appeared to James in I Corinthians.  In 1 Corinthians 15:7 it states: “then He appeared to James, then to all the apostles (NASB).”  James was instantaneously transformed from an unbeliever to an unswerving believer.  He then alludes to have gathered up his family and led his brothers to faith in Jesus Christ.  The whole family was in the Upper Room during the ascension of the Holy Spirit.  In Acts 1:14 it states: “When they had entered the city, they went up to the upper room where they were staying; that is, Peter and John and James and Andrew, Philip and Thomas, Bartholomew and Matthew, James the son of Alphaeus, and Simon the Zealot, and Judas the son of James. These all with one mind were continually devoting themselves to prayer, along with the women, and Mary the mother of Jesus, and with His brothers (NASB).”  This may imply that James reached out to his family after his conversion.

Conclusion

There are many questions that we must ask ourselves as believers of Jesus Christ.  There are many things that we can observe from James’ example.  As believers there are two simple questions that we need be asking ourselves.  One is “Are you truly reaching your unbelieving family?”  Our family is our first ministry on this earth.  The other is “Are you reaching others for Christ?”  We are commanded through the Great Commission to reach the world.  This is not a choice, but a direct command by Jesus Christ for all generations. 

James had a miraculous conversion and acted.  We must ask ourselves “Are we acting on our conversation.”  Do we really have a passion to tell others of the free gift that was given to us by Jesus Christ?  There is no such thing as a pew warming Christian.  We are called to strive to study God’s Word.  In 2 Timothy 2:15 it states: “Study to show thyself approved unto God, a workman that needeth not to be ashamed, rightly dividing the word of truth (KJV).”  As I stated before it is a command to reach our families and others for Christ.  In Matthew 28:19-20 it states: “Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I commanded you; and lo, I am with you always, even to the end of the age (NASB).”  The word “go” is an action, which means we have to act on our faith.  There are too many Christians today that think that they can say a prayer and ask God to come into their heart and sit on a pew every Sunday.  They believe that this is the definition of their faith.  This is not biblical representation of the Christian faith.  Christians in biblical times gave everything, including their lives, to spread the gospel of Jesus Christ.  What are you doing with the gift that God has given you?

James the Jerusalem Leader

A.    Introduction

a.       It is important to analyze James’ influence in the Church and how he impacted the early church.  He is considered one of the church fathers and leader of the Jerusalem church.

B.     Leader of the Jewish Party of the Church

a.       James exerted his immense influence to prevent the Judaising teachers from hindering Paul’s work.[11]

b.      James was at the Jerusalem Counsel

                                                              i.      Acts 15:14-21— “Simeon has related how God first concerned Himself about taking from among the Gentiles a people for His name. ¹⁵“With this the words of the Prophets agree, just as it is written, ‘After these things I will return, And I will rebuild the tabernacle of David which has fallen, And I will rebuild its ruins, And I will restore it,    So that the rest of mankind may seek the Lord, And all the Gentiles who are called by my name,’   Says the Lord, who makes these things known from long ago. “Therefore it is my judgment that we do not trouble those who are turning to God from among the Gentiles, but that we write to them that they abstain from things contaminated by idols and from fornication and from what is strangled and from blood. (NASB)

c.       James was over the Jerusalem Church when Paul made his last visit to Jerusalem

                                                              i.      Acts 21:18— And the following day Paul went in with us to James, and all the elders were present. (NASB) [12]

d.      James was zeal for the law

                                                              i.      James was popular among the Jewish Christian

                                                            ii.      Considered the first bishop of Rome

1.      Was given the title “the just” or “the righteous”

a.       Faithfulness with the law

b.      Constancy in prayer

C.     James’ Death

a.       James’ death was recorded by Hegesippus

                                                              i.      Hepesippus was a first history Church historian

                                                            ii.      Death can be located in Eusebius (H.E. II.23) and Josephus (Ant.xx.9.1)

b.      James was stoned

                                                              i.      The Scribes and Pharisees stoned James for not renouncing Jesus

c.       Dated at AD 62[13]

D.    Conclusion

a.       James was a Leader and Servant of Jesus Christ

                                                              i.      Being a leader means giving up all to serve Christ

1.      Are you a Christ centered leader?

2.      Are you setting the Christian example in every aspect of your life?

b.      James died for his faith

                                                              i.      A Christian must be willing to give their lives for the cause of Christ

1.      Are you that sold out that you would die for your faith?

2.      Would you rather die than denounce your faith?

JAMES THE JERUSALEM LEADER

It is important to analyze James’ influence in the Church and how he impacted the early Christian church.  He is considered one of the church fathers and leader of the Jerusalem church.  There are qualities of James that needs to be accessed and analyzed to have a better representation of James.

Leader of the Jewish Party of the Church

            James was the leader was the leader of the Jewish party in the Church.  Even though he was the leader the Jewish party he acknowledged the divine mission of Paul and used his vast influence to avert the Judaising teachers from damaging Paul’s work and breaking up the Churches which Paul had established among the Gentiles. [14]  James had an immense amount of influence among the Jewish Christians because he still held to the Jewish train of thought.

James remained the leader of the Jerusalem church throughout the book of Acts.  He was present at the vital Jerusalem Conference.  In Acts 15:14-21 it states: “Simeon has related how God first concerned Himself about taking from among the Gentiles a people for His name. ‘With this the words of the Prophets agree, just as it is written, ‘After these things I will return, And I will rebuild the tabernacle of David which has fallen, And I will rebuild its ruins, And I will restore it, So that the rest of mankind may seek the Lord, And all the Gentiles who are called by my name,’ Says the Lord, who makes these things known from long ago. ‘Therefore it is my judgment that we do not trouble those who are turning to God from among the Gentiles, but that we write to them that they abstain from things contaminated by idols and from fornication and from what is strangled and from blood (NASB).’”  James was also still the leader of the Jerusalem church when Paul made his last auspicious visit to Jerusalem.  In Acts 21:18 it states: “And the following day Paul went in with us to James, and all the elders were present (NASB).”  James also urged Paul to demonstrate his Jewish veracity by paying tribute to the expenditure involved in terminating the Nazarite vows of certain Jews.  The cost of this was considerable.  James seems to have determined that Paul was affluent by the extent of the offering that he had brought in support of the Jerusalem church.  For James to have to power to raise or destroy the work of Paul shows the immense influence that James had in the early workings of the Church.[15]

James was zeal for the Law

            James became fashionable and had an esteemed stature in the early workings of the Church.  He was especially popular among Jewish Christians.  James was positioned as the first bishop of the Jerusalem church.[16]  “The just” was a title that was given to him because of his devotion to the law and to prayer.  Most of the information that we have on James is through Eusebius and Josephus, which are early historians during biblical times.  Eusebius gives an account of James as a zealot for law.  It is believed that he received his information about James from sect of Jewish Christians called Ebionites. 

James’ Death

            According to the writings of Eusebius (H.E. II.23) and Josephus (Ant.xx.9.1) we can conclude that James was stoned to death because of his faith.  It has been recorded that James was stoned by the scribes and the Pharisees for refusing to reject his loyalty to Jesus.  The death of James has been dated in AD 62. [17]

Conclusion

Being a leader means giving up all to serve Christ.  In Matthew 16:24 it states:  “Then Jesus said to his disciples, ‘If anyone would come after me, he must deny himself and take up his cross and follow me (NIV).’”  We must be willing to give everything for the cause of Christ.  I must “deny myself.”  What does that mean?  It means to deny the pleasures and desires of my sinful flesh.  We are a selfish and self-fulfilling generation.  Are you a Christ centered leader?  We are all leaders in some form or fashion, whether in our jobs or in the home.  Are you setting the Christian example in every aspect of your life?  What kind of leader are you?  James was willing to die for his faith.  In Matthew 10:39 it states: “Whoever finds his life will lose it, and whoever loses his life for my sake will find it (NIV).”  Are you that sold out enough that you would die for your faith?  There is no partiality in the Christian faith.  It is all or nothing.  Would you rather die than denounce your faith?  We have been spoiled as American Christians.  We have never experienced persecution.  Christians all over the world are being beaten and murdered for their faith.  Persecution is going to come one day and the question is are you ready?  Are willing to give your life for your God?

The Epistle of James

A.    Introduction

a.       To better understand the character of James one must study his epistle.  Every author of the Bible gives a certain feel in their writing, which helps to understand their character.

B.     The Book of James is distinctly Jewish in nature

a.       Lines up with James in Acts 15 and 21

b.      The book of James contains four direct quotes of the Old Testament

c.       Forty Old Testament allusions

d.      Describes the gospels as “law of liberty”

                                                              i.      James 2:12—speak and so act as those who are to be judged by the law of liberty (NASB)

e.       He describes his readers’ gathering place using the Greek word transliterated “synagogue.”

                                                              i.      James 2:2— For if a man comes into your assembly with a gold ring and dressed in fine clothes, and there also comes in a poor man in dirty clothes, (NASB)

f.       Universal Old Testament stature of adultery to illustrate spiritual defection.

                                                              i.      James 4:4— You adulteresses, do you not know that friendship with the world is hostility toward God? Therefore whoever wishes to be a friend of the world makes himself an enemy of God. (NASB)[18]

C.     James’ Theology

a.       Eschatology

                                                              i.      The trials and testing are offered in terms of the revelation of the end-time rule of God.

1.      James 1:2-4— ²Consider it all joy, my brethren, when you encounter various trials, ³knowing that the testing of your faith produces endurance. ⁴And let endurance have its perfect result, so that you may be perfect and complete, lacking in nothing. (NASB)

                                                            ii.      When the Lord comes it is said to be imminent, and he is the only one that can judge.

1.      James 5:7-9— ⁷Therefore be patient, brethren, until the coming of the Lord. The farmer waits for the precious produce of the soil, being patient about it, until it gets the early and late rains. ⁸You too be patient; strengthen your hearts, for the coming of the Lord is near. ⁹Do not complain, brethren, against one another, so that you yourselves may not be judged; behold, the Judge is standing right at the door. (NASB)

b.      Faith and Deeds

                                                                                               i.            James puts together faith and works for a certain instructional purpose

                                                            ii.      Deeds demonstrates the authenticity of faith.

1.      James 2:14-26— ¹⁴What use is it, my brethren, if someone says he has faith but he has no works? Can that faith save him? ¹⁵If a brother or sister is without clothing and in need of daily food, ¹⁶and one of you says to them, “Go in peace, be warmed and be filled,” and yet you do not give them what is necessary for their body, what use is that? ¹⁷Even so faith, if it has no works, is dead, being by itself. ¹⁸But someone may well say, “You have faith and I have works; show me your faith without the works, and I will show you my faith by my works.” ¹⁹You believe that ^£God is one. You do well; the demons also believe, and shudder. ²⁰But are you willing to recognize, you foolish fellow, that faith without works is useless? ²¹Was not Abraham our father justified by works when he offered up Isaac his son on the altar? ²²You see that faith was working with his works, and as a result of the works, faith was perfected; ²³and the Scripture was fulfilled which says, “And Abraham believed God, and it was reckoned to him as righteousness,” and he was called the friend of God. ²⁴You see that a man is justified by works and not by faith alone. ²⁵In the same way, was not Rahab the harlot also justified by works when she received the messengers and sent them out by another way? ²⁶For just as the body without the spirit is dead, so also faith without works is dead.

                                                          iii.      The way believers live must match to the claims they make for their faith.[19]

c.       Law

                                                              i.      James’ perception of the law is influenced by Lev 19:18. 

1.      James 2:8-13^{— 8}If, however, you are fulfilling the royal law according to the Scripture, “You shall love your neighbor as yourself,” you are doing well. ⁹But if you show partiality, you are committing sin and are convicted by the law as transgressors. ¹⁰For whoever keeps the whole law and yet stumbles in one point, he has become guilty of all. ¹¹For He who said, “Do not commit adultery,” also said, “Do not commit murder.” Now if you do not commit adultery, but do commit murder, you have become a transgressor of the law. ¹²So speak and so act as those who are to be judged by the law of liberty. ¹³For judgment will be merciless to one who has shown no mercy; mercy triumphs over judgment. (NASB)

d.      Wisdom

                                                              i.      Wisdom is a great gift from God.

1.      James 1:5-8— ⁵But if any of you lacks wisdom, let him ask of God, who gives to all generously and without reproach, and it will be given to him. ⁶But he must ask in faith without any doubting, for the one who doubts is like the surf of the sea, driven and tossed by the wind. ⁷For that man ought not to expect that he will receive anything from the Lord, ⁸being a double-minded man, unstable in all his ways. (NASB)[20]

e.       Human Nature

                                                              i.      James points out that conflicts of the Christian faith and temptations are rooted in human nature.

1.      James 1:13-15—¹³Let no one say when he is tempted, “I am being tempted by God”; for God cannot be tempted by evil, and He Himself does not tempt anyone. ¹⁴But each one is tempted when he is carried away and enticed by his own lust. ¹⁵Then when lust has conceived, it gives birth to sin; and when sin is accomplished, it brings forth death. (NASB)

f.       Church

                                                              i.      James the epistle does not provide undeviating teaching on the temperament of the church but presupposes it.  The Local church possessed a plurality of elders upon whom the sick were to call for prayer, but James gave no indication of the nature of their authority.[21]

1.      James 5:14—Is any sick among you? let him call for the elders of the church; and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord (NASB)

                                                            ii.      “There were teachers, whose number was to remain small, for a harsher judgment awaits those lacking true competence or maturity for this role.”[22] 

1.      James 3:1—My brethren, be not many masters, knowing that we shall receive the greater condemnation.(KJV)

g.      God

                                                              i.      God is the Judge and the creator of the Law, but he is also gracious and merciful.

1.      James 4:12—There is one lawgiver, who is able to save and to destroy: who art thou that judgest another? (KJV)

h.      Christ

                                                              i.      James makes it apparent that Jesus Christ is the Lord whom he served. 

1.      James 1:1—James, a bond-servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ

D.    Conclusion

a.       Given the uniqueness of James’ letter, it is imperative that it be read on its own terms as a distinctive witness to Christian faith.  Interpreters misread James when they read him according to standards that are foreign to him.  A right understanding of his teachings is accessible only if readers let him speak and pay careful attention to the actual contents of his text.[23]

THE EPISTLE OF JAMES

In order to better understand the character of James one must study his epistle.  Every author of the Bible gives a certain feel in their writing, which helps to understand their character.  They also illuminate their theology and personal belief systems, which are entangled in their writings.

The Book of James is distinctly Jewish

The Epistle of James was conspicuously Jewish in nature and is in line with the observation of James that is presented in Acts 15 and 21.  Scholars have assessed that there are four direct quotes of the Old Testament and over forty Old Testament allusions. James expounds himself specifically in Old Testament references.  He elaborates and refers to the gospel as the “law of liberty.”  In James 2:12 it states: “speak and so act as those who are to be judged by the law of liberty (NASB).”  In James 2:2, he also describes his readers meeting place using Greek word transliterated “synagogue.”  The familiar Old Testament figure of adultery to describe spiritual defection can be found in the Epistle of James.  In James 4:4 it states: “You adulteresses, do you not know that friendship with the world is hostility toward God? Therefore whoever wishes to be a friend of the world makes himself an enemy of God (NASB).”[24]

James’ Theology

Eschatology

The Epistle of James is fashioned throughout by an eschatological perception.  In chapter of James it presents a message of the revelation of end-time rule of God.  It is in this panorama which believers are called to rejoice.  In James 1:2-4 it states: “Consider it all joy, my brethren, when you encounter various trials, knowing that the testing of your faith produces endurance. And let endurance have its perfect result, so that you may be perfect and complete, lacking in nothing (NASB).”  When the Lord comes it is said to be imminent, and he is the only one that can judge.  There is hence no extent for believers to judge on another.  In James 5:7-9 it states:  “Therefore be patient, brethren, until the coming of the Lord. The farmer waits for the precious produce of the soil, being patient about it, until it gets the early and late rains. You too be patient; strengthen your hearts, for the coming of the Lord is near. Do not complain, brethren, against one another, so that you yourselves may not be judged; behold, the Judge is standing right at the door (NASB).” 

Faith and Deeds

James puts together faith and works for a certain instructional purpose.  “Deeds” express the authenticity of faith.  In James 2:14-26 it states: “What use is it, my brethren, if someone says he has faith but he has no works? Can that faith save him? If a brother or sister is without clothing and in need of daily food, and one of you says to them, ‘Go in peace, be warmed and be filled,’ and yet you do not give them what is necessary for their body, what use is that?  Even so faith, if it has no works, is dead, being by itself.  But someone may well say, ‘You have faith and I have works; show me your faith without the works, and I will show you my faith by my works.  You believe that God is one. You do well; the demons also believe, and shudder.  But are you willing to recognize, you foolish fellow, that faith without works is useless?  Was not Abraham our father justified by works when he offered up Isaac his son on the altar?  You see that faith was working with his works, and as a result of the works, faith was perfected; and the Scripture was fulfilled which says, ‘And Abraham believed God, and it was reckoned to him as righteousness,’ and he was called the friend of God.  You see that a man is justified by works and not by faith alone.  In the same way, was not Rahab the harlot also justified by works when she received the messengers and sent them out by another way?  For just as the body without the spirit is dead, so also faith without works is dead (NASB).”  The way believers live must match to the claims they make for their faith.[25]

Law

Stressing what James did not incorporate under the rubric “law” is as essential as stressing out what he did incorporate.  James’ perception of the law is influenced by Lev 19:18, which concludes the entire law in the command to love God and neighbor. In James 2:8-13 it states:  ^“If, however, you are fulfilling the royal law according to the Scripture, ‘You shall love your neighbor as yourself,’ you are doing well.  But if you show partiality, you are committing sin and are convicted by the law as transgressors.  For whoever keeps the whole law and yet stumbles in one point, he has become guilty of all.  For He who said, ‘Do not commit adultery,’ also said, ‘Do not commit murder.’  Now if you do not commit adultery, but do commit murder, you have become a transgressor of the law.  So speak and so act as those who are to be judged by the law of liberty.  For judgment will be merciless to one who has shown no mercy; mercy triumphs over judgment (NASB).” 

Wisdom

Wisdom is a great gift from God.  Through wisdom believers are able to interpret their trials and persecutions into opportunities to trust fully in the will of God.  In James 1:5-8 it states:  “But if any of you lacks wisdom, let him ask of God, who gives to all generously and without reproach, and it will be given to him.  But he must ask in faith without any doubting, for the one who doubts is like the surf of the sea, driven and tossed by the wind.  For that man ought not to expect that he will receive anything from the Lord, being a double-minded man, unstable in all his ways (NASB).”   James stresses the importance of godly wisdom that is only given by God. 

Human Nature

James points out that conflicts of the Christian faith and temptations are rooted in human nature.   In James 1:13-15 it states: ^“Let no one say when he is tempted, ‘I am being tempted by God’; for God cannot be tempted by evil, and He Himself does not tempt anyone.  But each one is tempted when he is carried away and enticed by his own lust. Then when lust has conceived, it gives birth to sin; and when sin is accomplished, it brings forth death (NASB).”  James shows a consistency that human beings are created in the image of God, but they are also their own cause of evil aspiration.

Church

James the epistle does not provide undeviating teaching on the temperament of the church but presupposes it.  The Local church infatuated a numerous of elders in which the the sick were to call for prayer, but James gave no suggestion of the temperament of their influence.  In James 5:14 it states: “Is any sick among you? let him call for the elders of the church; and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord (NASB).”  “There were teachers, whose number was to remain small, for a harsher judgment awaits those lacking true competence or maturity for this role.”[26]  In James 3:1 it states: “My brethren, be not many masters, knowing that we shall receive the greater condemnation (KJV).”  Teachers have a greater responsibility among the church. 

God

God is the Judge and the creator of the Law, but he is also gracious and merciful.  In James 4:12 it states: “There is one lawgiver, who is able to save and to destroy: who art thou that judgest another (KJV)?”  James helps to illuminate his readers of his perception and interpretation of God.

Christ

James makes it apparent that Jesus Christ is the Lord whom he served.  In James 1:1 it states: “James, a bond-servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ.”  He considered himself a slave to Christ.  Human beings are slaves to a master.  It is either to sin or to Jesus Christ.

Conclusion

Because of the exclusivity of James’ epistle, it is of the essence that it be read on its own conditions as an idiosyncratic witness to the Christian faith.  Interpreters can misinterpret James if they read the epistle in reference to principles that are alien to him.  A proper perception of his teachings is reachable only if readers observe careful concentration to the concrete contents of his epistle.[27]

Bibliography

Black, Thomas D. Lea and David Alan. The New Testament: Its Background and Message. Nashville: Broadman and Holman Publishers, 2003.

Dale, R. W. The Epistle of James. New York: Hodder and Stoughton, 1895.

Jr., J. Julius Scott. Jewish Backgrounds of The New Testament. Grand Rapids: Backer Academic, 1995.

MacArthur, John. The MacArthur New Testament Commentary: James. Chicago: Moody Publishers, 1998.

Moo, Douglas J. The Letter of James. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1985.

Neusner, Bruce Chilton and Jacob. The brother of Jesus: James the Just and his mission. Louisville: Westminister Knox Press, 2001.

Painter, John. Just James: the brother of Jesus in history and tradition. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2004.

Phillips, John. Exploring the Epistle of James. Grand Rapids: Kregel Publications, 2004.

Richardson, Kurt A. The New American Commentary: James. Nashville: Broadman and Holman Publishers, 1997.

Robinson, J. M. The Nag Hammadi Library. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1988.

---

[1]Bruce Chilton and Jacob Neusner. The Brother of Jesus: James the Just and His Mission (Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2001), 24-25

[2] John Painter, Just James: The Brother of Jesus in History and Tradition: Studies on personalities of the New Testament ( Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2004), 12

[3]J. Julius Scott Jr.,  Jewish Backgrounds of The New Testament (Grand Rapids: Backer Academic, 1995), 251

[4]Thomas D. Lea and David Alan Black, The New Testament: Its Background and Message (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2007), 36-37

[5] John Phillips, Exploring the Epistle of James: An Expository Commentary: John Phillips Commentary Series (Grand Rapids: Kregel Publications, 2004), 22-23

[6] Bruce Chilton and Jacob Neusner. The Brother of Jesus: James the Just and His Mission (Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2001),), 24-25

[7] John Painter, Just James: The Brother of Jesus in History and Tradition: Studies on personalities of the New Testament ( Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2004), 12

[8]J. Julius Scott Jr., Jewish Backgrounds of The New Testament (Grand Rapids: Backer Academic, 1995), 251

[9] Thomas D. Lea and David Alan Black, The New Testament: Its Background and Message (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2007), 37

[10]John Phillips, Exploring the Epistle of James: An Expository Commentary: John Phillips Commentary Series (Grand Rapids: Kregel Publications, 2004),  23

[11] R. W Dale and A. W. W. Dale The Epistle of James: And Other Discourses (New York: A.C. Armstrong, 1895),  3

[12]John Phillips, Exploring the Epistle of James: An Expository Commentary: John Phillips Commentary Series (Grand Rapids: Kregel Publications, 2004), 25

[13] Douglas J. Moo, The Letter of James: The Pillar New Testament Commentary  (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2000),  21

[14] R. W Dale and A. W. W. Dale The Epistle of James: And Other Discourses (New York: A.C. Armstrong, 1895),  3

[15]John Phillips, Exploring the Epistle of James: An Expository Commentary: John Phillips Commentary Series (Grand Rapids: Kregel Publications, 2004), 25

[16]James  M. Robinson and Richard Smith, The Nag Hammadi Library in English. (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1990), 119

[17]Douglas J. Moo, The Letter of James: The Pillar New Testament Commentary  (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2000), 21

[18] John MacArthur, James (Chicago: Moody Press, 1998), 3

[19] Kurt A Richardson, James. (Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1997),  42-43

[20] Kurt A Richardson, James. (Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1997),  46-47

[21] Kurt A Richardson, James. (Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1997),  47

[22] Ibid., 47.

[23] Kurt A Richardson, James. (Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1997),  48

[24] John MacArthur, James (Chicago, Ill: Moody Press, 1998),  3

[25] Kurt A Richardson, James. (Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1997),  42-43

[26] Kurt A Richardson, James. (Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1997),  47

[27] Kurt A Richardson, James. (Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1997),  48